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- Trivendra Tripathi et al.
- 13 April,2023
Macrophage-Induced Exacerbation of Nasopharyngeal Inflammatory Lymphocytes in COVID-19 Disease
COVID 2023, 3, 567–591. https:// doi.org/10.3390/covid3040041
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Abstract: The nasal microenvironment plays a crucial role in the transmission, modulation, and
clinical progression of COVID-19; however, the immune responses at the site of viral entry remain
poorly understood. We deciphered the link between nasopharyngeal (NP) immune and inflammatory
response that triggers cytokine/chemokine storms in the nasal route of COVID-19-positive patients.
We used RT-PCR, multiplex ELISA, flow cytometry, and LC-MS/MS to decipher nasopharyngeal
immune perturbations associated with severe COVID-19. In addition, we performed in vitro assays
using cultured human monocytes-derived macrophages trained both in the presence and absence of
SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike protein(s) and co-cultured with and without autologous human peripheral
blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs)/total T-cells/CD8 T-cells. In vitro immune perturbations were
examined by flow cytometry and LC-MS/MS assays. Our findings confirm that macrophages
orchestrate NP immune inflammatory responses and highlight the cytokine/chemokine storms
associated with the increased CD8+T-cells along with Tregs, Th1, and Th17.1 T-helper cells. We
observed a correlation between in vitro and nasal findings that trained macrophages, profoundly
M2c, differentially promote the inflammatory surfactome on CD8 T-cells, including ITGAM, LGALS3,
CD38, TKT, LRPAP1, and SSBP1. The findings of this study conclude that inflammatory lymphocyte
perturbations within the nasopharynx of COVID-19 patients may enforce immune homeostasis during
SARS-CoV-2-infection and contribute to COVID-19 pathology. This study explored the therapeutic
target proteins that could facilitate the development of new medications, which could allow for
immediate treatment of possible emerging viral infections.
